Conventional Cytogenetic Report

This report is learning about ordinary cytogenetic, and we will concentrate on a strategy called ‘karyotyping’. This repot will present about the definition, the history and the enhancements of karyotyping made previously, what is the procedure and the working rule of this method and furthermore how if can be applied in our every day life. Karyotyping is a test to analyze chromosomes in an example of cells, which can help distinguish hereditary issues as the reason for a confusion or illness. The term ‘karyotyping’ is originated from ‘karyotype’, which is the trademark chromosome supplement of an eukaryote species.The readiness and investigation of karyotypes is a piece of cytogenetics. In the center and late eighteenth century, researchers knew about the nearness of chromosomes yet experienced issues considering them in light of their incredibly little size. Chromosomes were first seen in plant cells by a researcher called Karl Wilhelm von Nage li in 1842, yet since the examples they took had little chromosomes. After the improvement of hereditary qualities in the mid twentieth century, when it was valued that the arrangement of chromosomes, the karyotype was the transporter of the genes.Another researcher Levitsky appears to have been the first to characterize the karyotype as the phenotypic appearance of the physical chromosomes, rather than their genic substance. It took until the center 1950s until it turned out to be commonly acknowledged that the karyotype of people included just 46 chromosomes. Or maybe strangely, the extraordinary chimps have 48 chromosomes. Human chromosome 2 was framed by a merger of genealogical chromosomes, which lessening the number. Examination concerning the human karyotype took numerous years to settle by two acclaimed researchers: Hans von Winiwarter and Theophilus Shickel Painter.Hans von Winiwarter inspected typical human diploid cells to attempt to characterize the quantity of chromosom es that people have. In his time, surmises extended from 16 to 36. He utilized the most remarkable magnifying instruments accessible in his day in one of the main exact karyotyping endeavors, and tallied explicitly somewhere in the range of 46 and 49 chromosomes in his examples in 1912. He inferred that females had two X chromosomes and guys had just a single X chromosome and no Y chromosome. Theophilus Shickel Painter in 1922 was not sure whether the diploid number of people was 46 or 48, from the start preferring 46.He updated his feeling later from 46 to 48, and he effectively demanded people having a XX/XY framework. Also, there are two propelled abilities in karyotyping. The first is Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), this strategy will research the utilization of virtual karyotypes for indicatively testing renal epithelial tumors. First is to assess 25 filed renal neoplasms where sub-order couldn't be rendered dependent on morphology and other subordinate investigations. At that point it will produce virtual karyotypes with the Affymetrix 10 K 2. 0 mapping cluster stage and distinguish the nearness of genomic injuries over every one of the 22 autosomes.The second one is Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH), it is goingâ to examine the whole genome for varieties in DNA duplicate number. Complete genomic DNA is confined from test and reference cell populaces, differentially named and hybridized to metaphase chromosomes or DNA microarrays. The relative hybridization force of the test and reference signals at a given area is then corresponding to relative duplicate number of those arrangements in the test and reference genomes. The increments and diminishes in the force proportion straightforwardly show DNA duplicate number variety in the genome of the test cells.

The Benefits and Hinderance of Assessments Free Essays

Evaluation in essential guidance includes geting data and doing formal or casual assessments about children ‘s headway and fulfillments, including nations for more remote turn of events. The central features that are typically surveyed in kids ‘s larning include: comprehension, misgiving, achievements, conduct, perspectives and qualities corresponding to the National Curriculum ( Wragg, 2001 ) . Evaluation is vital as it can uncover of import data. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Benefits and Hinderance of Assessments or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now For representation, it can ; place spreads in kids ‘s securing and where backing might be required, gracefully data that can be imparted to guardians, advise teacher ‘s arranging and showing technique and bespeak the effectivity of schools. Be that as it may, this is non a comprehensive rundown and there are other basic grounds why evaluation is required, which will be strengthened all through this treatment. We will focus on examination plans and how this data is used ; in impossible to miss this will be cross referenced with my involvement with school. We will get somewhere around inquiring about summational examination plans. This is other than known as ‘Assessment of Learning ‘ ( AOL ) and is an examination of the evaluation to day of the month, which happens at the terminal of the twelvemonth or square of study. Instances of summational examinations include: the Foundation Stage Profile ( FSP ) , Standards Assessment Tests ( SATS ) and formal teacher evaluations. The experimental grounds ordered from this is utilized to investigate the progression or accomplishment of the researcher according to nations of the National Curriculum. The cardinal purpose of this kind of evaluation is to gracefully informations for national and nearby benchmarking plans. Utilizing this data is fundamental as it empowers schools to surmise whether children are run intoing the age-related standpoints. In the event that they have veered off, marks are evaluated and the essential commissariats or interventions are actualized. This is to ensu re kids stay on way to run into the national viewpoints of doing at any rate two National Curriculum degrees headway over every cardinal stage. In my base-school at Robin Hood Primary, data examination is of import to advise their following frameworks so they can make a move and measure kids ‘s headway and fulfillment. The front achievement informations is other than utilized toward the beginning of term to put stamps and advise normal term arranging. This is a cardinal point of convergence for learning and securing. The Contextual Value-Added ( CVA ) hypothetical record is a national advance which evaluates schools open introduction contrasted with others with comparative highlights. This hypothetical record considers an extent of variables, for example, ; foremost fulfillment, Particular Educational Needs ( SEN ) and Free School Meals that can affect kids ‘s open introduction ; along these lines gives a level playing field. The school ‘s CVA tonss are introduced on RAISEonline, which is of import in puting the model for schools and bespeaking its achievement and accomplishment ( Weston, 2007 ) . This data empowers Local Educational Authorities and schools to: place inclinations, underachieving gatherings, set sensible checks, and reconsider by and large effectivity and rules. This is particularly of import sing the: ‘breaking the nexus among impediment and low fulfillment ‘ accreditation. This is a venture to mitigate under-execution issues in distraught networks. Yet, i t ought to be noticed that the ongoing White Paper: significance of guidance has demonstrated a change into appraisal inclusion. In particular, the CVA hypothetical record will end and the great beyond transformed course of study will move as a benchmark for all schools, with a point of convergence on ‘pupils ‘ premium ‘ to raise achievement. There has been pessimism towards outer summational examinations in footings of their constancy and whether it benefits the child ‘s securing and headway. SATS are classed as ‘high wagers ‘ , which can follow in ‘teaching to the preliminaries ‘ and repetition rather than profound larning being evaluated ( James and Gipps 1998 ) . Corridor ( 2010 ) noticed that educators can other than be slanted to adhere to ‘transmission habits ‘ of guidance, which lessens innovativeness over the span of study ; and could at last effect kids ‘s procurement. SATS are embraced at Robin Hood Primary alongside teacher evaluations. They keep on propelling an originative course of study as they perceive the significance of making rich securing encounters and arranging kids ‘s requests. This is so they can lounge larning and grow new achievements while as yet fixing kids for SATS in an adequate mode. In footings of my example, I will require to utilize c omparative encouraging strategies to run into the larning requests of children ( Q28 ) . The teacher examinations authoritatively consider kids ‘s open introduction in every nation of securing ; and gives them a National Curriculum degree that ‘best-fits ‘ the child. These have end up being more well known than SATS in footings of their trustworthiness. Somewhat this can be utilized developmentally to educate the instructing strategy regarding the schoolroom ( Hall, 2003 ) . The favorable position is that the entire course of study can be surveyed in footings of the fulfillment stamps rather than the particular point of convergence on core subjects. All the more altogether, learning is vaguely designed for preliminaries however can be adjusted by arraigning larning closes that satisfy kids ‘s needs ( Alexander, 2010 ) . Robin Hood Primary uses a collection of grounds from various settings to gauge understudies as they perceive that children learn in various manners. This is of import on the off chance that we consider Gardner ‘s hypothesis o f various insights, where diverse guidance settings influence their qualities. The school ethos is a communitarian arranging assault. This empowers twelvemonth gathering teachers to talk their examination assaults, what they are estimating comparable to their projects of work and whether there is a typical fear of the degree portrayals for moderateness aims. Lobby and Harding ( 2002 ) noticed that instructor examinations can be upgraded if a ‘collaborative assault ‘ is imagined. This is the place a ‘assessment network ‘ is made influencing staff, understudies and even guardians. In footings of my ain example, it will be crucial that I talk about educators ‘ evaluations with experient collaborators to ensure that kids ‘s headway and accomplishments are directed ( Q11 ) . This data would other than be of import to educate arranging and customize procurement to help raise level of achievements ; and contract any fulfillment spreads ( Q13, Q19 ) . This other than features how of import evaluation informations is to manage kids ‘s progression and raise accomplishment degrees. Since we have talked about summational evaluation plans, it is of import to look into the regularly best assault ; developmental examination. Evaluation for Learning ( AFL ) and Assessment as Learning ( AAL ) are developmental assaults and is a cardinal segment of the guidance, larning and be aftering system. It is a continuous technique of setting and responding to kids ‘s procurement with the goal for them to do useful headway. Along these lines it empowers educators to reexamine their showing technique and arranging in obvious radiation of whether the planned obtaining results have been accomplished. In contrasting with summational assaults, AFL perceives the significance of the researcher being remembered for the examination technique. Lobby ( 2003 ) strengthened this impression: ‘†¦ Just as procurement is a cultural technique, so too much appraisal is a cultural strategy. The way the student deciphers the obtaining setting is imperatively of import to their achievement in that setting ‘ . ( Hall, 2003, p. 12 ) Dark and William ‘s ( 1998 ) explore have demonstrated that AFL raises standards of fulfillment. In impossible to miss, facilitating the lower capacities more than others, which limits the spread of achievement. This connections with the Assessment Reform Group ‘s ( 2002 ) research of AFL designs. They featured 10 guidelines to move teachers in actualizing this in their schoolroom to progress viable guidance and obtaining. The cardinal expectation of AFL is to raise achievement. It includes children to build up their ain obtaining, which makes them dynamic operators in the evaluation technique. Arranging is basic to its prosperity to ensure that pertinent data is examined to elevate kids ‘s progression. Alexander ( 2010 ) underscored that AFL lucifers current places of how children learn as they effectively build their procurement and take proprietorship. Key attributes related with AFL ( however non comprehensive ) include: sharing the securing points and achievement guidelines, providing input, viable inquisitive, influencing kids in equivalent and self-evaluation, and Assessing Pupils Progress ( APP ) . Robin Hood Primary amazingly regards AFL as a component to regulate kids ‘s headway and achievement with the goal that any obstructions can be lifted to ensure that they all arrive at their conceivable. This is strengthened by their motivation: ‘†¦Raise standards of fulfillment and achievement by holding high standpoints of the guidance and larning ‘ . ( Robin Hood Primary School ‘s Policy, 2010 ) AFL is implanted inside their school progress to pick up this reason. The praised developmental delineations are some which are utilized inside the school and will presently be talked about. Sharing larning points is an entire school assault and is made outwardly and verbally unequivocal to the children in all themes. The children besid

Illini Womens Gymnastics Meet

Illini Womens Gymnastics Meet Last Friday, I got to watch the Illini Women’s Gymnastics team compete against the University of Michigan. I’ll admit, so far, I’ve been to a grand total of 2 sporting events here on campus. However, my friend had seen posters that said the first 1000 people to show up to the event were eligible for free food, so it didn’t really take much convincing on her part. I’d never been to a gymnastics meet before so I wasn’t too sure what to expect, but it ended up being so much fun! We arrived at Huff Hall at 7pm and promptly picked up our free slices of pizza before grabbing a seat on the bleachers. I was totally blown away by each gymnast as they competed on Floor Exercise, Uneven Bars, Balance Beam, and Vault. A photo I took while the team was warming up By 9pm, the meet was over and I left the stadium with a sense of amazement and slight jealousy. I’m so glad my friends and I  did something spontaneousâ€"it turned out to be the perfect way to spend my night. I’m realizing that college is full of these chances for fun (and free) new experiences it’s just a matter of deciding to participate! Ria Class of 2018 I'm studying both Finance and Information Systems and Information Technology in the Gies College of Business. I’m from Los Altos, California.

The Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka - 2243 Words

The Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka The Nigerian playwright Wole Soyinka (born 1935) was one of the few African writers to denounce the slogan of Negritude as a tool of autocracy. He also was the first black African to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Wole Soyinka was born July 13, 1934 in Abeokuta a village on the banks of the River Ogun in the western area of Nigeria. His mother was a Christian convert so devout that he nicknamed her Wild Christian and he father was the scholarly headmaster of a Christian primary school whom he nicknamed Essay--a play on his occupation and his initials S.A. Soyinka was educated through the secondary level in Ibadan and later attended University College, Ibadan, and the University†¦show more content†¦Instead, General Ibrahim Babangida, who had ruled the nation for eight years, prohibited the publication of the voting results and installed his deputy, General Sani Abacha, as head of the Nigerian state. Soyinka, along with other pro-democracy activists, was charged wi th treason for his criticism of the military regime. Faced with a death sentence, Soyinka went into exile in 1994, during which time he traveled and lectured in Europe and the United States. Following the death of Abacha, who held control for five years, the new government, led by General Abdulsalem Abubakar, released numerous political prisoners and promised to hold civilian elections. Soyinkas return to his homeland renewed hope for a democratic Nigerian state. Prejudice in Telephone Conversation and Dinner Guest-Me: In ‘Telephone Conversation’ and ‘Dinner Guest-Me’ each poet uses their poetry as a means of confronting and challenging prejudice. In ‘Telephone Conversation’ by Wole Soyinka, a phone conversation takes place between an African man and a very artificial lady about renting out a room. When the lady finds out he is African she becomes very prejudiced and racist towards him. Similarly ‘Dinner Guest-Me’ by Langston Hughes is about a black man going to a dinner party where he is the only coloured person there, like he is the ‘token black.’ Anger and a sense of humour are shown in both the poems. In ‘Telephone Conversation’, theShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka1009 Words   |  5 PagesThe Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka The Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka is a poem thats title is very casual and straight forward. The poems title shows the reader that what they are meant to read is realistic and free flowing. Like most poems there is a general theme that is carried on from start to end. The Telephone Conversation has two main obvious themes; these are racism and the lack of education and understanding that some people may haveRead MoreEssay about Commentary on Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka542 Words   |  3 PagesCommentary on Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka Wole Soyinka recollects vividly in Ake Mrs. Huti talking about white racism. He was thus mentally prepared to cope with the racism before he left for England. The race problem which has been treated with levity in the immigrant poems is treated from the poet’s personal experience in â€Å"Telephone Conversation.† â€Å"Telephone Conversation† involves an exchange between the black speaker and a white landlady. This poem more than any other is Read MoreComparing Sonnys Lettah by Linton Kwesi Johnson who is West Indian and Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka642 Words   |  3 PagesComparing Sonnys Lettah by Linton Kwesi Johnson who is West Indian and Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka Works Cited Missing The poems I have studied are Sonnys Lettah by Linton Kwesi Johnson who is West Indian and Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka. The theme of both of the poems is based on racism. The language used in both of the poems is Standard EnglishRead MoreThe Horrors of Society Illustrated in ‘Telephone Conversation’ by Wole Soyinka and ‘Prayer Before Birth’ by Louis Macneice1091 Words   |  5 PagesIn ‘Telephone Conversation’ we have a telephone conversation between a black man who wants to rent a room, from a white woman. We see that society is ignorant and racist. ‘Prayer Before Birth’ is a poem addressed to God from the point of view of an unborn baby who is scared to go into society. They both have negative views of society. In ‘Prayer Before Birth’ society is presented as scary. The narrator is pleading and says ‘I fear’. She (no gender is specified as it is meant to symbolize all ofRead More Prejudice in Telephone Conversation and Dinner Guest-Me Essay747 Words   |  3 PagesPrejudice in Telephone Conversation and Dinner Guest-Me In the two poems, ‘Telephone Conversation’ and ‘Dinner Guest-Me,’ each poet uses their poetry as a means of confronting and challenging prejudice. In ‘Telephone Conversation’ by Wole Soyinka, a phone conversation takes place between an African man and a very artificial lady about renting out a room. When the lady finds out he is African she becomes very prejudiced and racist towards him. ‘Dinner Guest-Me’ by Langston Hughes is aboutRead More Racism in Amistad, To Kill a Mocking Bird, and Telephone Conversation1794 Words   |  8 PagesThe texts To Kill a Mocking Bird by Harper Lee, Amistad directed by Steven Spielberg and Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka explore the issue of racism. These three texts focus on prejudice, discrimination, bias, behaviour and attitude revolving around the issue of discrimination because of the coulour of ones skin and the cultural and social attitudes past on from one generation to another. Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel set in the southern states of the USA in the 1930’s, a time thatRead MoreThe Telephone Conversation-a Summary.1705 Words   |  7 Pages* Telephone conversation  is about an African man who wishes to rent an apartment and so has phoned the landlady to inquire. Once the landlady answers the man decides he must confess, as if he has committed a crime, about his nationality as the persona in the poem is well aware of the wide spread prejudice against people of African descent and feels he must get the fact out of the way. However, unaware of the extent of the landlady s ignorance, he is shocked and annoyed by her cold, inpersonalRead More Comparing Two Poems about Prejudice Essay579 Words   |  3 PagesComparing Two Poems about Prejudice The poems Telephone Conversation, by Wole Soyinka and You Will Be Hearing From Us Shortly, by U A Fanthorpe are both about prejudice. The former poem is to do with racial prejudice and the latter is to do with social prejudice. The two poems are different in many ways. The first poem is an application for accommodation and the second poem is a job interview. Soyinkas poem is a Dialogue within a monologue where as Fanthorpes poem is just a monologueRead MoreEssay Prejudice in To Kill A Mockingbird Telephone Conversation1177 Words   |  5 Pagesprejudice as a learned, preformed, and unsubstantiated judgment or opinion about an individual or a group, either favorable or unfavorable in nature. Through the study of the book, To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee, and the poem Telephone Conversation by Wole Soyinka, ones understanding of prejudice and what makes up prejudice changes considerably for what could be perceived as for the better or for the worse. Being ignorant of what is happening or not knowing and properly understanding what prejudiceRead More Racism in Cullens Incident and Soyinkas Telephone Conversation929 Words   |  4 PagesRacism in Cullens Incident and Soyinkas Telephone Conversation nbsp; The poemnbsp; Incident, by Countee Cullen, deals with the effect racism has on a young black child vacationing in Baltimore.nbsp; The child is mistreated by a white child and disturbed in his innocence so much that after spending seven months in Baltimore, this is all he remembers.nbsp; A different poem,nbsp; Telephone Conversation, by Wole Soyinka, also deals with this issue, but from a different perspective.nbsp;

Comparing Theories Of Counselling From Psychodynamic,...

Introduction The aim of this assignment is to compare and contrast two theories or theorists of counselling from psychodynamic, humanistic or cognitive behavioural traditions and also to assess their strengths and weaknesses. This essay will focus on exploring the contrasting ideas and approaches of Carl Rogers who is a key figure associated with the person-centered approach and Fritz Perls who developed Gestalt therapy. Although they are both regarded as humanistic counsellors, they share a very different approach when working with clients. I have chosen to analyse these two theorists because of their contrasting styles, in particular my curiosity was sparked after viewing both Perls and Rogers sessions with Gloria. I found it fascinating how such different styles could still be successful in therapy. In particular fritz perls style really grabbed my attention as at first, I was really put off by his seemingly rude demeanour. However, after reading information on gestalt therapy and the ideas behind it I started to understand how it works. This essay will begin with a short background on Carl Rogers and Fritz Perls and an overview of the beginnings of their approaches to counselling followed by a discussion on their views on the theory of personality and problems in living then a discussion on Rogers and Perls theory of change. I will then give a personal evaluation on each theorist’s strengths and weaknesses and include which approach would be the most beneficial forShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work

Argumentative Essay on Cigarette Smoking Free Essays

â€Å"Cigarette smoking in the Philippines should be banned because it poses a great threat to the health of the family members† Argumentative essay I. Introduction A. It has been an increasing concern about the effects of smoking in the family. We will write a custom essay sample on Argumentative Essay on Cigarette Smoking or any similar topic only for you Order Now B. Cigarette smoking not only affects the smoker but also the others around the smoker. II. Body (Discuss the issue) A. Smoking is mostly caused by sociocultural factors. * They smoke to gain adult status. * They smoke to conform to their social group. B. Smoking causes cancer and other respiratory diseases. C. When there is a smoker in the family; it is most likely that the members of the family will be influenced by smoking. III. Cigarette smoking should be banned to decrease the health threats. Cigarette smoking is the inhalation of gases and hydrocarbon vapors generated by slowly burning tobacco in cigarettes. The harmful substances found in cigarettes and cigars are the carbon monoxide, nicotine, and tar. Carbon monoxide is the gas that impairs the capacity of the blood to supply adequate amounts of oxygen to the vital organs of the body and is responsible for the shortness of breath among smokers. Nicotine is the substance that creates dependence on tobacco and is responsible in raising blood pressure and heart rate. The tar is the brownish viscous substance found in smoke known to be a cancer-causing agent. Cigarette smoking is a major cause of preventable diseases and premature death. Smoking has been associated with lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes. Taking in a lot of these chemicals harms your body in severe ways. You will have incurable diseases and suffer from it. Most of the smokers know that already, they just can’t quit yet because of its addicting content. But, they do need to be aware that cigarette smoking causes harm not only to the smoker but also to the people around him. It has been an increasing concern about the effects of the smoking habits of a family member to other members of the family. Secondhand smoke also known as passive smoke, â€Å"is a mixture of 2 forms of smoke that comes from burning tobacco: Sidestream smoke (smoke that comes from the lighted end of a cigarette and mainstream smoke (smoke exhaled by a smoker)† (â€Å"Secondhand smoke,† 2011). It is passive smoking when non-smokers are exposed to secondhand smoke (â€Å"Secondhand smoke,† 2011).. When they inhale secondhand smoke, they take in nicotine and other chemicals just like the smokers do (â€Å"Secondhand smoke,† 2011). According to the quittersguide, â€Å"secondhand smoke immediately affects the heart and blood circulation, and over time it causes heart disease and lung cancer† (quittersguide, 2008). Smoking is mostly caused by the sociocultural factor. They smoke because they need to fit in with their social group who smoke (Cortes, 2011). It is because some think when you are smoking cigarettes, you would look cool. For teens, they smoke because they want to attain adult status (Cortes, 1998). Some teens think that if you smoke cigarettes, you would look mature because normally, adults smoke but now even teens do it. Sometimes, they learn how to smoke because of curiosity. A Youth Tobacco Survey by the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) Philippine Chapter has been conducted among grade school and high school students in Metro Manila. Dr. Lopez said that â€Å"the DOH survey found that an estimated 42 per cent students have tried smoking cigarettes, with 15 per cent admitting they smoked their first stick before reaching the age of 10. Twenty-two per cent, practically the same as the ACCP survey s 18. per cent, admitted to being current smokers. † (â€Å"Cigarette smoking among teens is high,† 2006) In addition to that the DOH also found out that exposure to cigarette smoking in the environment is very high with 60 per cent of parents of the respondents smoking at home. Peer influence also came up with 3 out of 4 students reported that their friends s moke in their presence (â€Å"Cigarette smoking among teens is high,† 2006). Ye (2001) stated, â€Å"The tobacco or cigarette is the most substantial and successful economic enterprises † (p. 1). It provides jobs and gains taxes for the government (Ye, 2001). Cigarette production greatly helps the country’s economy as well as being an import and export material. However, effects of cigarette smoking turned bad. According to Bihari (2007), It was 1950 when the first major evidence that links cigarette smoking to serious studies by Doll and Hill (1950) and Wynder and Graham (1950). In July 1954, Reader’s Digest published a lead article (Miller Monahan, 1954) that exposes the health hazards of smoking by linking smoking and lung cancer (Bihari, 2007). The results were a drastic decline on cigarette consumption per head (Bihari, 2007). By 1955, cigarette consumption rose again. Although there have been an increasing number of medical studies linking smoking to serious diseases such as cancer and respiratory diseases, the government began to consider measure to control smoking (Bihari, 2007). Smoking is a major factor in heart diseases and â€Å"seems to be the most common factor in an environment which leads to heart attack† (Andrada, 1993). Even though the government was largely swayed by the tobacco lobby, they began to take action because of the pressures from anti-smoking lobby and the growing concerns of concerned people (Bihari, 2007). They have already put a ban on advertising cigarettes on television and other types of Medias (Mizrahy, 1998). Even from constant reminders from the media, the anti-smoking people and even the cigarette package has a warning, many people are still smoking. A member in the family who is a smoker immediately harms other members of the family. Children in particular are much more sensitive to secondhand smoke (â€Å"smoking and your family,† 2008). Risks of asthma, ear infection and lung diseases increases when they are exposed to secondhand smoke (â€Å"Smoking and your family,† 2008). Some of these problems can be serious and even life-threatening. Others may seem like small problems, but they add up quickly: think of the expenses, doctor visits, medicines, lost school time, and often lost work time for the parent who must take the child to the doctor† (Secondhand smoke, 2011) Some people when they smoke at home, they are aware that it is their body that they are d estroying. However, they are not aware that it is not only them that are harmed, but also the other people around them especially their family (quittersguide, 2008). According to Bantle and Haisken-DeNew (2002), â€Å"We find strong evidence, that parental smoking significantly increases the probability that their children likewise become smokers. Youths living in families with both parents smoking are 3. 3 times more likely to smoke themselves, while a smoking father raises the probability by the factor 2. 8 and a smoking mother by the factor 2. 1. † It is also agreed by quittersguide (2008) that the children of smokers are most likely to be smokers but they will probably start in their teens which may make it difficult for them to quit. When parents smoke, it is also most likely that the addiction will be passed from one member to another so that the whole family will be smokers. Tolerant attitudes of parent towards smoking creates higher smoking risks while parents who do not approve of smoking and â€Å"does not make it known are less likely to raise children who smoke†(OMalley, 2010). So, why won’t we ban cigarette smoking and its production? It is because of production of this provides jobs and gains taxes for the government (Ye, 2001). Moreover, some officials won’t permit to it because they work for the government and the government gains taxes from those who buy cigarettes. Additionally, if you ban cigarette production, circulation, buying and selling, addicted cigarette smokers will go crazy because cigarette contains nicotine which is addictive and relatively damages the brain so it will be hard to ban. But, even if it provides jobs and gains taxes for the government which is a good thing economically, the result of the product they produce harms and kills people even though the some of the people are not into smoking. So, it would be a good thing to ban cigarettes and find a new source of income like those handmade stuff or they research about a new product to manufacture which will be a hit, at the same time not dangerous. The government has taken 17 years(1987) when the first bill on anti-smoking was introduced in the Philippines for it to be passed into law (Mercado, 2010). It should be clear that cigarette smoking should be banned in the Philippines because of the effects poses a great threat to the people. Fortunately, some voices were heard some provisions were made that smoking will be banned in public places (Tan, 2011). And, what should be done is that smoking should be discouraged to the people. References: Bihari S, B. A. , M. S. W. , M. C. M. , M. S. A. E. (2007). History of government regulation on cigarette industry. Essays on the Effect of Government Intervention on the Conduct and Performance of Cigarette Firms. Retrieved from http://0-proquest. umi. com. lib1000. dlsu. edu. ph/pqdlink? RQT=306;TS=1313073324;clientId=47883 Ye, Y. (2001). Introduction. A Microeconometric Analysis of Cigarette Consumption. Retrieved from http://0-proquest. umi. com. lib1000. dlsu. edu. ph/pqdlink? RQT=306;TS=1313 How to cite Argumentative Essay on Cigarette Smoking, Essays

take me home by one direction free essay sample

One Direction The album ‘Take Me Home’ by One Direction is a very diverse and up-beat set. The band did well and had a nice blend of voices. This boy band started out on UK X-Factor as individuals, but they were paired up by judge Simon Cowell and later signed by him. Although, they came in third place they still got a contract. Their new album ‘Take Me Home’ is a catchy set that is not like their other album. Their other album ‘Up All Night’ was a shorter set and it wasn’t as mature as this one. This album is mostly about relationships, but other than that it is a fun filled diverse set. The songs are sweet, for example â€Å"You’ll never love your self half as much as I love you, and you’ll never treat your self right darling but I want you to† and â€Å"They don’t know I’ve waited all my life. We will write a custom essay sample on take me home by one direction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † The song ‘Little Things’ stands out because of how sweet and slow it is compared to the other songs. This album is less altered and techno than all the other albums so that makes it stand out. Over all I give it an eight out of ten because it’s not for everyone, but I really enjoyed it. Take Me Home by One Direction free essay sample Take Me Home One Direction’s album, â€Å"Take Me Home† really pops compared to their first album â€Å"Up All Night†. This album shows how musically talented they are by blending some pop/soul music into some of their songs. Niall Horan, Zayn Malik, Liam Payne, Harry Styles and Louis Tomlinson had all auditioned for the X-Factor in 2010, and sadly lost. Simon Cowell decided he wanted to keep the young singers and make them a band, One Direction. They later signed with Syco Records and released their hit single â€Å"What Makes You Beautiful† The themes of the songs are about being young, having fun, falling in love and finding happiness. One of their most popular hits is â€Å"Live While We’re Young.† It speaks of living life to the fullest and enjoying every minute of it. The song, â€Å"Little Things† shows the sensitive side of One Direction. It proves that they are not just another cheesy boy band, and that they are truly musically talented. We will write a custom essay sample on Take Me Home by One Direction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Kiss You† is a very up-beat song compared to â€Å"Little Things†. It makes you want to have fun and sing aloud to the music. One Direction’s album â€Å"Take Me Home â€Å", is the breakthrough in their journey to success. Fans of One Direction are very impressed with the 5 English/Irish boy’s success and are eagerly waiting to hear more from them soon in their upcoming, 3D movie â€Å"This Is Us†.

Cafs Notes Groups Essay Example

Cafs Notes Groups Essay Community and Family Studies| Groups in Context | HSC Core Topic| tien [Pick the date] | Identifying groups with specific needs * Identify special characteristics of each group in order to justify why each should be considered a unique entity * Describe people who belong to different groups within society by: * Identifying the needs of the people in these groups * Evaluating the access of these groups in resources GAY AND LESBIANE -Sexual orientation towards same sex -Need more acceptance and support because they feel isolated -Health needs of HIV/AIDS Discriminated against -Socially isolated -Low self esteem -Poor identity and self image NEEDS Access to Services -Health support that promotes sexual protection, physical and mental health: AIDS Council of NSW (ACON) -media that informs about gay-friendly events and services: Sydney Star Observer Gay and Lesbiane Rights Lobby Group is a support group that helps them access resources equitably, fights for their rights and anti-discrimin ation Twenty10: social organisation for them to raise self-esteem and network with others, and cope with societys stereotypical attitudes. Targets the youth. -Need education about sexuality safe sex. Hard to access this. -Have to educate public about them to reduce homophobia. -Employment: need protection from discrimination, the Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 Financial Support: dont become parents so generally have better socio-economic status. Law still recognises them as a couple so they stil get the same certain legal rights financially. Health: -need education about sexual health to avoid getting HIV/AIDS. Fear of underaged gay sex (under 18) limits their access to medical attention, -Problems of substance and alcohol abuse, higher suicide rates, depression due to rejection and discrimination -Need to find safe housing in area without discrimination harassment. -Need safety and security without gay hate, emotional or physical violence. Peoples homophobic attitudes damages self-esteem and sense of self worth. E. g. religions that promote gay hate. Gays feel rejected from church communities. Need to adjust to their sexual sense of identity. -Can feel isolate because its different. -Cultural and bias perception of gay culture can make them self-reject or homophobic. Confused, in denial and despair. Understanding from people is important. FACTORS Age: young people might not know resources available. So they get confused, lonely, frustrated. Very scared of rejection, so they keep it a secret and completely limits their access to resources. Young people facing discrimination and bullying at school can complain to the Anti-Discrimination Board, or is facing discrimination from the school they can report to Department of Education and Training -Most disability services only deal with disability, except for the Rainbow Support Group thats gives support to developmental disabled who are gay. Education about their sexuality, support groups, safe sex practuces enhance the access to services and wellbeing. We will write a custom essay sample on Cafs Notes Groups specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Cafs Notes Groups specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Cafs Notes Groups specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) gives help and info to keep family and friends close to their homosexual people. Ethnic and cultural beliefs limits their access to services if their religion doesnt accept homosexuality, they feel ashamed. Have to hide it. Beit el Hob is a Middle Eastern gay support group. Gender: gay males have more obvious stereotypical characteristics and suffer more discrimination. Limits access to services and makes them need it more, especially medicaly if they get gay-hatred fueled violence. Females are getting more socially accepted, arent as obvious so get more access to services. Location: services mostly in city, rural gays find it harder. Still able to access over phone/internet. -More scared of inexperienced or homophobic health care professionals, limits access to health services. Also not comfortable comming out to them. Socio-economic status: more financial support so more access to resources and services. AGED -ABS says 65+ -National Senoirs association says 50+ -increased population and expectancy life expectancy: 76 for men and 82 for women -give wisdom and experience to society with employment and raising kids -retire=more leisure time -less income, rely on gov benefits, super and savings -more vulnerable to illness nd disability -most live at home, some need support eg HAAC -get lonely as people die -less mobile and more frail NEEDS: Access to services: -need more family and government support due to decrease health and mobility -need health services that s till keep their independence -eg GPs, hospitals, breast scans, public transport Assistance services: Home Care, Catholic Care of the Aged, Home and Community Care, Meals on Wheels, family, community nurses -reluctance to rely on services because they dont want to admit their age/health, lack knowledge, physical problems, high price, think its familys responsiblity. Education: -important to keep up with technology sklls because they werent raised up with it for communication, information and access to services and goods -e. g. computers and internet -might want to learn new leisure activity -ask a friend/family for assistance meets intellectual needs, increase social and self-esteem wellbeing -may need training at work for technology and skills to maintain their employability Employment: -most are retired or part time working only due to health/choice -so they lose job satisfaction, money, social contacts, routin and responsibility -changes self esteem and sense of identity because t hey have smaller role in society -new technology makes it harder for them to get a job -a lot do volunteer work or child minding Health: -more risk of bad health and medical issues -need affordable and accessible health care and medication spend more on medical, so higher socio-economic status = better health -decrease bone density and muslce mass, prone to falls, heart disease and cancer, chronic illness can lead to impairment eg asthma/athriritis, diabetes, vision and hearing impairment , depression, dementia -hard to complete daily tasks -often need nursing home care Housing: -most (90%) stay at home -may need rearrangements at home $$ for this -assistance such as HAAC is a home service that does things like add handrails in toilets, add building ramps federal funding, respite care, delivered meals, home nursing, home maintenance, Meals on Wheels -might need a carer if they cant afford full time help they can live with relatives, grannly flat, smaller house, retirement village, nursing home -informal support is decline because more women go to work instead of staying at home, increased divorced rate, children move far from home -retirement homes provide socialisation through leisure eg swimming pool and stimulation -nursing homes provide meals, ersonal and miedcal if there really disabled/frail -respite care for family members Security Safety: -emotional needs, need to keep in touch with friends family -physical: adequate housing and good health can due vulnerable because their frail and lonely, esp. in public. Often targets of thefts, assaults, scams -get isolated as their friends die and family move away Self-esteem -need to be healthy, working, independent to maintain high self-esteem. have to feel useful through involvement in voluntary work,hobby, part time work, socialising -Dependent, retired, health problems = low self-esteem Sense of identity -dead spouse, living alone, not close to family, friends = no sense of belonging Financial Support super annuation is compulsory since july 1992 -wage if still working -centrelink benefits: Age Pension/Newstart Allowance for mature people (50+), Pharmaceutical Allowanc, -Pensioner Concession Card, Health Care Card, commonweath senoirs health card (cheaper doctors, speialists, chemists), Rent Assistance FACTORS Age: -determines their superannuation, pensions and drivers license test -changes peoples attitudes, eg harder for older people to find employment if employee thinks they wont stay for long Disability: -increases with age, eg arthritis -some can get the Disability Support Pension/Mobility Parking Scheme -can get community transport Education: -if they learn how to use technology it increases their access to more goods, sserivces and information -eg Federal Governments senoirs website gives supportive resources -to get info on new driving regulations eg roundabout rules to pass driving test and keep their license -about health issues Gender: women better at maintaing friendships -men get lonelier when their partner dies -women have longer life expectancy, more aged women Location: -have more access to health, education, government departments in urban area then rural -rural aged have closer family ties Socio-economic status -big impact on wellbeing -high status=private health insurance, money for entertainment and travel -low status=cant afford car, public hospital waiting list for non-elective surgery Homeless People â€Å"without a conventional home who lack most of the economic social supports that a home normally affords† * Legal definition: inadequate access to safe and secure housing * Stopped getting support from family/friends, so don’t feel belonging with people or community * Might have financial debt, not enough money for housing, drug or alcohol problems, no jobs or place in society, socially isolated, domestic violence is the biggest cause of their homelessness esp. or women, family breakdown for young people * Physical, mental and health and wellbeing problems Needs ACCESS TO SERVICES: * Can’t access the services available if they can’t read (eg centrelink); they need help finding and accessing services * it’s already too full or the service doesn’t have enough resources to meet demands, eg Wedley Mission * Biggest need is crisis accommodation * Government gives: Supported Accommodation Assistance program: gov gives money to agencies for refuges and shelters * National Homelessness Strategy: prevents and supports homeless people * St Vincent de Paul: biggest charity organisation, runs Matthew Talbot Hostel for homeless men EDUCATION * They need it to know about services they can access, and to confidently access them * Need education that fosters independence and self-esteem * Usually low self-esteem, lack of resources, no sense of belonging, poor utrition= bad concentration, lack of economic resources; makes it hard to get education * Need to learn how manage resources, decision-making and problem solving * Student welfare services: targets youth at school in need to prevent homelessness * Homeless might be educated but are homeless because of things they can’t control, eg family/money * Job Placement, Employment Training programs helps youth with education and work EMPLOYMENT * Unemployment causes homelessness * Most use Supported Accommodation Assistance program * Why they can’t find employment: Low self esteem * Poor health * Lack of social support * Poor education * Lack of suitable skills and knowledge * Might have very low paying jobs * They need equitable access to training for skills * Community organisations need more money to train them * Young homeless people need education, employment training and transport close t to their homes * Government should offer subsidies to employers so they hire homeless people * They need a case manager if they are employed to make sure they stay employed FINANCIAL SUPPORT * Needed for basic needs; food, clothing, shelter Centrelink Community Officers go around to help homeless apply for Centrelink benefits eg Youth Allowance, aged, Disability, Unemployment Benefits * Can’t get centrelink if they don’t have a fixed address * Welfare organisations funded by Emergency Relief Programs: * Smith Family * St Vincent de Paul * Salvos * Lifeline * Drug alcohol addicts spent their money of their addictions; refuse help because their running away from their bad past and don’t want to be found HEALTH * High health needs because they have more problems Mental disorders; malnutrition; drug/alcohol abuse; sexual health problems- both consequence and result * Gets heaps of health problems: frostbite, leg ulcers, depression, self-hatred, self-harm * Women are more vulnerable to violence and sexual assault * STDs etc if do sex work for survival * Neglected need under food, housing, work * Only get help when in crisis * Need health care that is free, flexible, holistic, non-discriminating, bulk bills, walk-in appointments * Need counselling to deal with their emotional trauma Need mental health services to be improved, more accessible, less waiting time; need access to drug and alcohol rehab services, more rural healthcare HOUSING * Don’t have enough money to live in a safe environment * Department of Public Housing-Homelessness Action Team * Need emergency crisis accommodation * Supported Accommodation Assistance program * Commonwealth or State Housing A greement * Rental Assistance; and help through Mission Australia * Housing has be available, adequate, appropriate, emergency and short-term, and permanent too. Has to meet their needs; works with education, employment, health services SECURITY SAFETY * There not safe on the streets, alleyways, parks, etc * Temporary accommodation so they have no sense of belonging or security * Commonwealth Department of Family Community Services- Reconnect Program: helps young homeless people reconcile with family, improve education and skills * Partnerships Against Domestic Violence Strategy gives money to stop domestic violence to there’s less people living in abusive environments, which is a major cause of homelessness SELF-ESTEEM They have low self-esteem from family breakdown, abuse, assault, lack of education, mental illness, poverty * Poor view of future * Seem aggressive or hostile because of their bad experiences and lack of communication skills * Need to feel belonging to the community SENSE OF IDENTITY * Their low self-esteem, unemployment, low/no income, homeless stigma poor sense of identity * Don’t have a proper home so no str ong identity * Can’t get Centrelink Access to resources AGE * Some people are too young to access services; eg some only accept people 12+ * Centrelink payments can be age based Affects what they know and experienced; eg old person knows support services but doesn’t access it because of past bad experiences * Most homeless youth have mental illness so don’t access resources, and there’s a lot so less resources DISABILITY * Disabled people can get Disability pensions * Not mobile; so can’t physically access resources * Harder to communicate and access resources * But it depends on the type of disability and how much it affects them EDUCATION * Education helps to find and access resources Poor literacy skills = can’t access resources eg Centrelink * Can get referred to resources through school if their young * Education increases employment so less likely they’ll be homeless ETHNICITY/CULTURE * Language barrier * Need support staff that speaks other languages or are culturally sensitive * A lot of non-English speaking and Indigenous homeless people GENDER * Gender specific services; Matthew Talbot House, Catherine McAuley House, women’s refuges * Females look for help more, but more likely to have hildren so need more * Women tend to escape domestic violence * Men have more jobs available so easier to access to financial resources LOCATION * Urban areas have more resources than rural * They move place to place; No permanent address = no centrelink SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS * They have little or no money * No money = hard to get resources * Don’t get centrelink if they don’t have a fixed address * Poor people tend to live in areas where it’s hard to find a job Rural Families * Live far from suburbs and capital cities * Agricultural industry Small close knit communities * Not as much contact with others * Supportive families * Low population density NEEDS ACCESS TO SERVICES * Hard to get serv ices at rural towns so they have to travel to bigger towns * Internet is important in getting services such as banking, but they have to know how to use technology * Centrelink assistance through rural call centres, theres rural officers so they don’t have to go all the way to the office * Have to travel far for medical facilities, sporting venues, shopping centres * Cost more money and time, reorganise scedules Expensive rural services because of the delivery * Disabled or ill people have harder access to facilities and support networks * Different ethnic backgrounds have less support networks, eg worship or help with literacy * Young people = less casual work if their at school, so less financial independence and resources * Old people = have work skills but increased mobility means harder to travel to access resources EDUCATION Usually have one big school for K-12 or one small public school, limited subject choice and teachers have to teach more * Rural students might need educational resources from far schools or school of the air, boarding school * Ned access to computer and facsimile technology long distant or school of the air, financial resources needed for boarding school * Assistance for Isolated Children scheme designed by Department of Education * Training and Youth Affairs program from Centrelink = helps students who can’t go to government school everyday cause it’s too far; gives allowance without a mans test * Boarding Allowance but have to pass the Parental Income test EMPLOYMENT Limited to work on farms and properties, or trade in the town, seasonal work like fruit picking but no security * Females have less career choice but can still do farming property * Most youth have to leave rural rown for further education FINANCIAL SUPPORT * Rural towns are dominated by one industry, so there’s no predictable income, and there can be rapid financial downturns; eg if the harvest doesn’t do well that year then thereâ⠂¬â„¢s payments from Centrelink eg Flood Assistance Package * Rural people can get: * Remote Area Allowance * Crisis Payment * Diaster Relief Payment * Exceptional Circumstances Relief Payment HEALTH * Severe doctor shortage * Neglected because there’s only a few specialist facilities, ill or disabled have to travel far for health services * Less support networks for disabled or chronically ill Less bulk billing so it’s harder for socio-economically disadvantaged to get medical attention * Government scheme to encourage young doctors to move out of urban areas into rural areas, rural doctors get full Medicare Rebate which means the patient gets more rebate, so more doctors can bulk bill HOUSING * Lower cost of living but spend more on travel * Can feel isolated at home * Need resources like communication, entertainment eg computer, internet, mobile phones, cable pay television SECURITY AND SAFETY * More physical security because of close knit community * Feel threatene d from travellers * Financially insecure cause stress and worry if in debt * Need financial assistance and emotional assistance, counselling and informal support SELF-ESTEEM Feel helpless if there’s natural disasters impacting their work and income * Can feel like a failure if there work fails * Can rely on family, friends, banks, government = low self-esteem and self worth * Need emotional support and new work so they don’t give up and can still provide for family * The Farm Help – Supporting Families Through Change program gives them access to payments, financial counselling, grants; lets farmers meet their physical needs for family and emotionally by increasing self-esteem and security SENSE OF IDENTITY * Farmers used to be well off but now the weathers unpredictable and commodity prices are lower, their future can be uncertain * Rural areas are seen as for farming and mining Tourism creates a new sense of identity for these areas Factors affecting access to resources for rural families AGE * Not a barrier for farming work, young and old can do it * Teenagers have limited access to social or sporting commitments, special resources, but most leave after high school so the average age of farmer is increasing * so older farmers have less mobility making it harder to maintain their farm DISABILITY * disabled people have extra limits to resources eg support groups, services, recreation, shopping * hard to transport; no community bus * hard to fix equipment, get new supplies * almost no respite care facilities in rural areas, limited community houses and shelters workshops EDUCATION Very limited, eg only teaches up to year 10 so parents have the send children off to boarding school * Boarding School Allowance from Centrelink helps * Open Training and Education Network (OTEN) courses through Distant Education * There’s a lot technology; video conferencing, online courses that had subjects that their school might not * Tertiary educatio n students usually have to leave home * If they stay and work on a property they have to educated in things like retail hospitality, health ETHNICITY/CULTURE * Ethnic people have difficulty fitting in because of their language and finding information support, hard to find their food as well GENDER * Gender impacts what jobs they have Country Women’s Association looks after welfare of women and their family, in both country and city by lobbying to gov, fundraise and teach life skills * Traditional role is men are farmers and women look after children, but it’s chaning and there’s more jobs for women LOCATION * Biggest factor, limits their access to special services in health and education * So they have to travel more for school, recreational supports SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS * High = more opportunities in education, mobility, lifestyle (can afford books, travel, entertainment) * Low = rely on government, less health advantages Disabled * Restricted or lack of abili ty to perform an activity in the manner or within range considered normal for a human being * Eg difficulty in sight, speaking, hearing, moving, etc * Different types and extents of disability * Physical/intellectual disadvantage * Need a carer for help with everyday activities TYPES OF DISABILTIES IS PIPS: PHYSICAL INTELLECTUAL PYSCHOLOGICAL SENSORY (HEARING/VISUALLY IMPAIRED) NEEDS ACCESS TO SERVICES * A lot of services that they don’t access because * Don’t know about the services or know that they have a disability * Can’t get to it because of disability * It’s not free * Judgement that their intellectually disabled as well; community ignorance * Government, community organisations have to work together: * NSW Down’s Syndrome Association * Royal Blind Society * Deaf Society of NSW * The House With No Steps * Life Without Barriers * The Spastic Centre * Disability Information Service * People with Disabilities NSW Life Activities and Mission Australia: helps them live independently in the community, effective communication, planning, goal settling, how to do day-to-day activities * National Council for Sport and Recreation for the Disabled: helps them interact and participate in recreation and leisure activities * Gover nment’s Disability Policy Framework: makes sure disabled people can still access services for normal people * Illegal to discriminate against disabled people * Schools can have language interpreter for hearing-impaired student EMPLOYMENT * Government made the Commonwealth Disability Services Act 1986 so more disabled people can work especially in labour. Achieves it through job search, job placement, individual job training and support, disability employment services * Post School Options program is from NSW government forces disabled people to have the same job opportunities as a normal person if they are both able to do it, eg pick up a phone * Need the employers o know that their not fully disabled, and gov offer subsidies and support for their education and training * Disabled people might need changes in work premises, equipment, schedules and training but can still do a good job FINANCIAL SUPPORT * Can support themselves through work * Others need extra support or full support from someone else or agency * Centrelink gives it for disabled and carer of disabled, Disability Support Pension for people with physical intellectual, psychiatric impairment so they can’t work * Carer Payments * Still need their independence, so it helps them with their medical expenses, special equipment and changes to be independent HEALTH * Disability usually comes from disease, disorder or injury * health needs depends on their disability some have to be in hospital, nursing homes, etc for to be cared for * household disabled need help moving around from friends, family, partner * carer gets strained HOUSING * have the change their house * Department of Housing builds or refurbishes home so they can live there * Home and Community Care gives home nursing, delivered meals, home help, transport, shopping, paramedical services, advice and assistance * Illegal for real estate to discriminate; eg guard dog must be allowed for the blind SECURITY AND SAFETY * Financial assistance = they can meet their basic needs * Emotional support from informal support * Have to feel belonging to community and safe; so there’s disabled car parks, ramps at shops, disabled seats on transport SELF-ESTEEM Feel different; so low self-esteem * Need love, care and encouragement * Need a positive attitude SENSE OF IDENTITY * Some always need care so no sense of id. * Others are independent and have their own identity * Disabled kids shouldn’t get pities and over protective FACTORS AFFECTING ACCESS TO RESOURCES FOR THE DISABLED AGE * Age makes the disability worse * Age is carer; too old to work DISABLITY * Formal resources helps eg Disability Support Pension, Mobility Parking Scheme sticker, Mobility Allowance = lets disabled use taxis to work or to training programs * Learning support at schools and special schools for very disabled * Special Olympics of Paralympics Crossways: spiritual support EDUCATION * Education helps their disability to manage it * I ntellectually disabled can use internet and mobile phone to get access to information, enhance communication especially if they don’t leave the house * Important to learn about their health issues and what support groups are out there for them * Disabled youth get more assistance at school and in tafe with special teachers/classrooms ETHNICITY/CULTURE * Limits their access to formal services eg health resources and also friendships * Handital NSW is a community facility for people from ethnic background, disabled Italians and there carers through programs GENDER Disabled men more likely from motor vehicle or occupational inkury * Disabled women less education, earn less money, more likely to be institutionalised and vulnerable to violence LOCATION * Urban areas have more access to resources and the rural disabled have to travel more for it, eg health, education, support groups, government departments SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS * Less money because they rely on government, limits a ccess to private health insurance, leisure activities, and have to be on long waiting lists for equipment eg motorised wheelchairs * More money = can buy more specialised equipment Youth * Age between childhood and adulthood * 15-24 years Usually studying so dependent on parents * Puberty, body changes * Getting their independence and learning about life NEEDS ACCESS TO SERVICES * Voluntary organisations give emergency help, basic needs and advice * The smith family * Mission Australia * St Vincent de paul * Lifeline gives crisis help, and counselling * Centrelink, HSC advice line, school and employment counsellors: employment training and counselling * Centrelink payments; Austudy, Newstart, Youth Allowance * Gym for physical wellbeing * Community organisations: * Sydney City Mission * Centrecare * Doctors * Community Centres * Community Transport * Educational Support Teams * Housing services Assistant employment opportunities EDUCATION * Lack of money or family support makes it h ard to complete and access further education * Youth Allowance is there income while they study, look for work, training course, sick * Education is free and they have counsellors, social workers, career advisers for young people’s needs EMPLOYMENT * They can work full time, part time, casual so they have more responsibility especially to find a job/future career * Community resources help them find jobs eg Job Networks, Training Courses, Apprenticeship programs eg Green Corp * Informal eg charity, family, peers, teachers, coaches FINANCIAL SUPPORT Most are supported by family, so their parents income and social location impacts how much help they get from their parents and for how long, but higher earners won’t get centrelink * lower earners get family allowance, rent assistance, away from home rate eg * 20-24 are more independent, their job income lets them meet their needs, more are living with parents so saving money for travel, car, clothes, etc * Youth have to le arn to manage money, get a good credit rating, save for a house deposit HEALTH * Have good health but vulnerable to asthma, sexual issues, unwanted pregnancies, risk behaviour; drugs and speed, mental/emotional problems; depression * Increasing rate of suicide especially for males HOUSING * Provided by family but problems at home e. g. family conflict, violence, health issues, poverty, desire for independence = they move out * They work and can pay for rent Others struggle and rely on department of housing, mission Australia or centrelink * Older youth need privacy and independence at home; some can live in the granny flat for les conflict over noise, friends over, personal space SECURITY AND SAFETY * Find it in family and peer group * Need a positive family environment and have enough resources for emotional and physical needs * Good peer group that doesn’t make them involved in drug abuse, binge drinking, safe sex, violent behaviour, gangs SELF-ESTEEM * They have to feel go od about themselves, family is important * Parents should praise and encourage for them to succeed * Low self-esteem and depression from unemployment, poor self-image, peer pressure, relationship problems * Family has to give support and encourage if low self-esteem SENSE OF IDENTITY Move away from parents influence and into peer approval and acceptance * Grow personal and sexual identity and need a supportive and trusting environment for it * Society wants them to be responsible but sometimes don’t get the chance to prove it, eg can’t work until 14 yr 9 months, Factors affecting access to resources for the youth AGE * Government policies and regulations based on age; Abstudy for 14, Youth Allowance for 14-24, get their L’s at 16, P’s at 17 * Legal Aid hotline for people -18 * Impacts how they can access resources and services; eg access to school, gap-year programs, youth groups, etc * Barrier if they can’t vote or sign contract, go to nightclubs, buy alcohol * Not as much life experience = limits decision making ability DISABILITY Disabled that goes to mainstream schools can get special provisions for exams, or go to special school * Disabled youth can get Mobility Allowance if they can’t use public transport at 16 * TAFE has special courses too EDUCATION * Needed for further education and training eg university, so they can get higher-paid employment with more career opportunities to meet housing and self esteem needs also ETHNICITY/CULTURE * They have to learn English through intensive language course before school, a lot of private colleges teaches students English for their school * Ethnic people can study their language as a subjects and do well in it * Language and cultural barriers can make it harder to make friends at school GENDER Not as much of an impact as before; but still might be harder for some employments or promotion, eg easier for men to succeed in professional sport and get paid more LOCATION * Rur al youth don’t get as much access to education, employment opportunities, recreational activities, health services, public transport * Negatively impacts how they can meed needs for education, health, employment, housing, financial support * Internet and technology breaks down the location barrier * Urban youth have more access to services and resources * Rural youth have more community support informally; friends, family, neighbours SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS Youth with more can afford more expensive recreational choices, private schooling, private health care * Lower socioeconomic status face limits with education and training but can’t work full time Sole Parent * One parent living with 1+ children * Due to divorce, separation, death, illness, desertion, child out of marriage * More at risk of poverty * Increasing due to increasing divorce NEEDS ACCESS TO SERVICES * Have more services but don’t access it * Public transport, the Jobs, Education and Training program , Parenting Payment, Family Allowance, Child Support Agency, childcare, DOCs * Ethnic sole parents aren’t as accepted in their community, especially unmarried women having kids EDUCATION * Going to school is time and money consuming Single parents could of interrupted their high school or uni education, hard to go back with a child, would need child care and financial help if they do * Workers might take time off for full time parenting, need qualification and update their experience, get training and education for a good job * Sole parents can still work full time and get their Centrelink payments * Parenting Payment can use the Jobs, Education and Training program for educational needs * Sydney western schoos have intensive programs that makes school more flexible for students to finish hsc EMPLOYMENT * Might spend more money with healthcare, travel, clothing than they get at work, get less rental assistance and rebate if they work, plus less time parenting so a lot donâ₠¬â„¢t work * They don’t need to work until youngest child is 16 Need flexible work; with hours for them, family leave, eg * Employment lets them socialise with other adults FINANCIAL SUPPORT * Some need community and government support; government needs to give them more money * The Parenting Payment (Single) for single parents; depends on your income and allowance assets * Health Care Card * Parent who look s after child can get Child Support HEALTH * Medicare because private health care is expensive * Emotional health because they broke up with partner * Need advice and support; counselling services eg Lifeline, St Vincent de paul society, kids helpline * DOCs for family in crisis * Children can go into foster care while parents work out how to manage situation HOUSING Most rent, some get rental assistance; long waiting list for public housing * Public housing people get accessed every few years so they don’t have security * Have to find affordable housing if they ca n’t get public housing * Moving between homes of both parents can disrupt their education and daily lives SECURITY AND SAFETY * Women might not feel physically safe so get alarm system, live closesr to family and friends, feel threatened by ex partner, get an VO * Suffer loss, grief, shock * Parents Without Partners, Lone Fathers Association, Supporting Mothers Groups, Relationships Australia * Same needs as normal families but less flexible Might not feel like a good parent = low self-esteem * Person who got dumped feels rejected, the other feels bad, child can feel like it’s their fault; need to discuss issues and get counselling * Less time so less socialisation = low self-esteem SENSE OF IDENTITY * Isolated, feel different, lost friendship from partner, better for child if they have both parents still sharing responsibilities * Community shouldn’t just all as broke Factor affecting access to resources for sole parents AGE * Age impacts; eg 15 y/o won’ t have the knowledge or about community organisations (or can’t drive to it) such as * Toy libraries * Community support eg Early Childhood Clinic Parents Without Partners; social groups for parents to get together and talk * Child Support Agency; helps parent get parent from the other parent that doesn’t live with them * Lone Fathers Association; support and socialising for single dads * Child Care Centres; parent support and socialising for children * Agencies eg St Vincent de Pauls Societ, Smith Family, Burns Side (for kids), Red Cross, Salvation Army; all offer financial, emotional, physical support for families * There’s local support groups for teenage parents with these difficulties DISABILITY * Harder if child or parent has disability * 16+ disabled child can get Disability Support Pension They can get Mobility Parking Scheme; easier access for shops/medical appointments * Child can access young carer networks to deal with emotional strain if the parent has disability EDUCATION * Education = employment money; higher wages * Use internet for access to educational programs * Might not get education if they have to look after child, or don’t have enough money because they spend it on childcare; Childcare rebate helps * Jobs, Education and Training (JET) = useful to find work, study ETHNICITY/CULTURE * Ethnic families and friends might not support single parenthood; so the parent doesn’t get as much informal support * Language and cultural barriers limits access to community groups GENDER * Most are women so there’s more support out there for women then men LOCATION Urban parents have more community resources; childcare, schools, employments, adult education, support groups * Rural sole parents have more community support; family and friends SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS * High socioeconomic status; own a home, private health insurance and education for children * Low socioeconomic status; disadvantaged area, less recreati onal activities to save money, less informal support services Families in Crisis * Suffers from some kind of trauma; physical, social, emotional, financial * Trauma disturbs their daily life * More demands than resources * Due to natural disaster, death of family members, family breakdown, domestic violenc, alcohol/drug/gambling problems, retrenchment (broke) Needs ACCESS TO SERVICES Informal; family and friends * Centrelink payments; if parent dies there’s bereavement paysments, also for widow allowance. If divorced; family tax benefit, parenting payment, child-care benefit, maternity allowance. A lot for natural disaster. * Crisis from domestic violence; domestic violence line for support. Counselling service for women, also works with women refuges. Domestic volence advocacy serive for fre support and legal advice, solicitors. * Family protection and family crisis services; Relationships Australia gives counselling and assistance. DOCs: child protection and family crisis s ervice if child gets abused or is in danger, also helps families adapt to ocial/economic changes by giving financial support, affordable housing, clothing, emotional support * HOUSING ASSISTANCE ACT 1996: gives funding to people to meet needs if they can’t do it themselves, family can get money to access resources * Addiction problems: Alcoholic Anonymous, self-support for alcoholics that help each other and give hope * Smith Family, vinnies, Mission Australia, Centcare gives welfare support and counselling * A lot don’t use these because they don’t know or have too much pride, informal support is important to direct them there. * But these resources don’t meet the demands EDUCATION * Important that crisis families doesn’t disrupt children’s education * Their only normal aspect of life, focus on study can shift focus from problems * If crisis is from something emotional eg parent divorce, drug/gambling problem than child might have concentra tion problems. Principle should be notified so teachers are nicer and don’t give them hard time at school. * School counsellor helps * Teachers/tutor can give extra help if they fall behind the school work EMPLOYMENT some still work, take leave or resign; depends on crisis or can get leave or holiday if work lets for time to deal with crisis and come back after crisis gets better * eg bushfire burns home; take 6 weeks leave and get financial help * government helps if it’s really bad and they can’t work or get help from employment assistance program * personal support programs helps people find work by helping them get over what’s stopping them from working, give them access to drug or alcohol rehabilitation programs and counselling; free program FINANCIAL SUPPORT * unexpected and sudden crisis means they’re not financially prepared * might need money if their broke or family member dies Centrelink gives Special Benefit payment for people broke due to reasons out of their control, DOCs considers their reasons and says if payment is granted or not * Diaster Relief Payment; short term help for victims of disaster, only if their house or source of income got damaged due to disaster * Exceptional Circumstances Relief Payments; for famers in affected areas that are struggling HEALTH * Stress from crisis is bad for long term health * Chronic stress leads to heart disease, cancer, alcoholism, high blood pressure, ulcers, metnal illness * Physical/emotional health problems from crisis of abuse or addiction; adult should remove themselves or remove the perpetrator HOUSING * Basic need might be at risk/jeopardy due to crisis e. g. : * Have to move out due to domestic violence * Lose home due to fire/earthquake * Can’t afford rent due to retrenchment They all need alternative housing or accommodation * The Supported Accommodation Assistance programs give money to community services that help people in crisis who need accommodatio n (both long term and emergency) and help them get back to independency and get their own home * Community services eg refuges, shelters, halfway houses * Charity organisations give money for housing needs or accommodation SECURITY AND SAFETY * Crisis threatens this important physical and emotional need * Eg violent homes harm physical need; child with domestic violence need help; alwas ill, low self-esteem, nightmares, disruptive at school, think it’s their fault. Need counselling and move family to somewhere safe * Death; family can feel fear, anger, guilty, anxiety, stress; might need professional help * Parent divorce; insecurity because family structure changed, children need help from parents that family changed but there’s still love, don’t make child choose between parents and keep child’s normal routines and discipline SELF-ESTEEM * Disturbed emotional well-being if family lost their home, life savings, family member * Might blame themselves or another family member; gives guilt that reduces their self-esteem * Crisis might make them lose independence, security, sense of belonging; family need each other and need to feel like they still have a good future and get it all back (independence etc) * Bad family members (eg addicts) still need love, professional help, informal support, feel worthwhile and confident to get new job, move on with life etc SENSE OF IDENTITY Family unit might break down and those who leave la ck identity * Some family gets closer and stronger sense of identity * The quicker they overcome it, the less impact it has Factors affecting access to resources for families in crisis AGE * Age impacts ability; eg young people who can’t be independent if parents die, can’t drive or sign contract for loan * Old people can’t deal with crisis without help DISABILITY * Crisis resulting in disability changes family; they’ll need help/carer * Type of disability determines impact of education/employment EDUCATION * Need to know the government and community support available ETHNICITY/CULTURE * Might need help from translator; at major hospitals * Language/cultural barrier; less informal support Racism; Sudanese family can’t get a house to rent due to racist landlord GENDER * Women get help more and have better social support from family/friends LOCATION * Urban families; more access to major hospitals, support groups, employment opportunities * RURAL; co mmunity support SOCIOEONOMIC STATUS * Impacts wellbeing * HIGH; private health insurance and hospitals instead of waiting list, holiday house if theres burns down but can’t get government support due to high assets Socioeconomically disadvantaged * Lack sufficient income for basic needs (health services, food, housing, clothing) that the rest of society can afford * Hard to maintain adequate standard of living * Unemployed, rely on social security Poor due to disability, illness, living in remote area so can’t work and earn good income * Aged, sole parents, migrants, aborigines = at risk of being disadvantaged * Hard to break out of poverty cycle (poor parents raise kids to be poor; in environment that doesn’t foster education, or leave school for work, and get a low status/paying job, marry same social class) Needs ACCESS TO SERVICES * Can’t afford expensive things like private health insurance, specialist doctor care; social activities like holidays, ea ting out, entertainment; cars so rely on public transport; own home or home so need low cost housing, maybe even telephone * Rely on: * Department of Housing * Centrelink * Charity groups (Vinnies, Mission Australia, Smith Family) * Government’s welfare sysyem EDUCATION Most leave school early due to money; part time work, tire at school/can’t keep with work because basic needs aren’t met poor results, difficulty learning, home isn’t the learning environment * High priority because it gives them job with high income, so gov tries to keep them in school with Austudy payment (full time 25+ students), Youth Allowance for 16-24 y/o studying and independent 15y/o. EMPLOYMENT * Unemployed because no education, skills * Unemployed people poorer than those dependent on centrelinK * Usually long term unemployment * Need help to find jobs so government tries using an early intervention strategy; Persoanl Support program, Job Network programs, Literacy and Numeracy programs for people at risk of long term dependence * Centrelink has career counselling FINANCIAL SUPPORT Centrelink often not enough to meet rising cost of living * Youth Allowance; 21 and under unemployed } * Newstart Allowance: 21+ unemployed } enough money to find a job * Mature Age Allowance: 60+ unemployed, but too young for Age Pension * Only have just enough money for needs, can’t save, need help from charity organisations, family, friends * Need help claiming benefits if they can’t read/write * Credit victims because they take loans on credit cards to buy things they don’t ed and end up in debt; buy things due to advertising/marketing persuading them that society needs it to improve standard of living HEALTH * Poor health, more illnesses * Not a top priority under everything else Medicare Levy provides essential medical services but not all, can’t afford private health insurance so end up on long waiting list at oublic hospital * Health Care C ard if on centrelink = cheaper medicine * Health, household, educational, recreational, transport concessions from government HOUSING * Rent assistant and public housing * If they rent or buy a home and spend most of the money on that and only have enough for basic needs, wellbeing is damaged SECURITY AND SAFETY * Physically financially unsafe and insecure * No income security * Poorly protected homes, insecure because they can’t stay there if they can’t afford rent/bills SELF-ESTEEM Poor people can feel undervalues, less dignity and chances to show their true potential, don’t get the same things as society gets = low self-esteem, depressed nervous about financial stress, can’t provide for family = low self-esteem * Need to feel worthwhile members of society, and long-term help, charities help with physical, basic and also emotional needs in increase self worth and give positive state of mind SENSE OF IDENTITY * Poor, unemployed, bad home; question sens e of identity * Society looks down on them so they feel like failures that aren’t accepted. Strategies to overcome sense of failure needed, eg quit what’s making them poor like gambing, drug problems, leave and use family/community support increase self worth, government department community resources give direction and sense of hope Factors that affect access to resources for socioeconomically disadvantaged people AGE Age impacts centrelink payments that are age based and knowledge about accessing those payments other support services DISABILITY * Disability limits education and hence high earning jobs EDUCATION * Youth Allowance helps them finish their studies * Private schools offer scholarships * Children leave school early for work and income ETHNICITY/CULTURE * Ethnic people know less about community resources to help their health, financial, employment, educational needs * Language and cultural barrier limits informal support GENDER * Women get less further ed ucation and employment due to gender role; eg sole parents, chronically ill, cultural groups LOCATION Urban have less access to resources like welfare groups, employment support, public transport, hospitals * Rural community have more informal support SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS * Status causes disadvantages, overcome by youth allowance, rental assistance, health cares, free literacy and numeracy courses Chronically ill * Ill for an extended period of time, because it’s continuous or reoccurring * Can get more serious and fatal * Can impact physically, emotionally, intellectually, socially, spiritually * Eg asthma, arthritis, diabetes mental illness, hypertension, emphysema, hay fever, back and neck problems, irritable bowel syndrome NEEDS ACCESS TO SERVICES * Rely on health professionals (doctors, surgeons, etc) Some can’t afford it, rely on public health system but there’s long waiting period and lists * Might not get coverage straight away of even be eligible for it if they were already ill * Can use home health care, respite care centrelinks EDUCATION * Same right to education as everyone else, but might have more absences * Special provisions at school, uni, tafe * School at some children’s hospitals; work sent to them * Education satisfied intellectual well-being, takes focus away from illness * Education about their illness makes them understand it more and control it, eg asthma avoids pollen EMPLOYMENT * Most work give sick leave with full pay, partial pay or no pay * Some can work from home * Might lose job if they over use their sick days * Hard to get another job with high absenteeism Some don’t interfere with job cause they can be controlled, eg diabetes * Worksafe Australia makes safety standards to prevent injury and disease * Legally protected (SW Workers Compensation Act 1987) gives workers compensation if there ill from work FINANCIAL SUPPORT * Chronic illness needs costly ongoing medical treatment, Have to change h ome and hard to keep job financial burden * Temporary sickness allowance for employed and sick people, need medical certificate * Centrelink: mobility allowance for people whose sickness prevents them using public transport * Government gives Medicare and Health Care Card to reduce financial burden HEALTH * Bad health might reduce their quality of life * Daily health affected by medication or treatments eg chemotherapy * Prevented or improved by control of diet and lifestyle choices HOUSING Financial burden might lower their housing standards; have to live in a poor area, struggle * House might need help for the ill eg ramps, handrails to meet there needs * Need there own room especially for extra sleep SECURITY AND SAFETY * Have to feel secure and safe in whatever environment; home or hospital * Positive and supportive environment if they feel depressed * Good communication with carer so they work together to reach common goal of better health * Need more love and support for their insecurity and powerlessness * Might change lifestyle for better health, eg diet and house changes eg handrails both to improve safety SELF ESTEEM Might get physical changes eg weight gain or loss, skin problems; negatively change their body image and wellbeing, lose independence low self esteem. So they should be treated like their capable, important members of society so they don’t feel useless and lonely SENSE OF IDENTITY * Depends on illness if it stops work, sport, social family life so they lose sense of identity * Can still manage illness and live life to the max FACTORS AFFECTING ACCESS TO RESOURCES FOR CHRONICALLY ILL AGE * Chronic illness more likely as you get older DISABLITY * Chronic illness can be with or made worse with disability like arthritis * They can get Disability Support Pension or Mobility Parking Scheme * Can use patient transport operated from ambulance service or get taxi allowance EDUCATION Need to know about their illness; its treatment and medic ation, support groups, new research and treatment, through internet; but can get wrong diagnosis * Internet increases access to social support, good if they don’t leave the house ETHNICITY/CULTURE * Language and culture can be barrier to understanding info and getting treatment, so harder to get health resources in community of centrelink benefits GENDER * Women more confident in getting services like doctors/counselling LOCATION * Rural have less access to health resources;major hospitals, support groups SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS * Impacts access to treatment and services * HIGH; private health insurance and hospitals, can get surgery overseas instead of being on waiting list Cultural groups; e. g. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Culture impacts lifestyle; diet, dress, language, social activities * Differs needs, wants, values, goals * Can be good but also draws lines and discrimination eg Aboriginals, Greeks, Italians, Lebanese Muslims, Tongans, Pacific Islanders, Jewish c ommunity, Asians, Sudanese * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander; members of the indigenous community, indigenous meaning ‘first people’ NEEDS ACCESS TO SERVICES * Need services that have experience in dealing with different cultures; interpreters at most government departments * Can learn new language at schools, community centres for immigrants * Cultural groups value spiritual programs in their own language * Indigenous might be in remote area so hard to get support EDUCATION Need education to improve language skills for interaction with community, find and use resources, get qualifications to find employment * Indigenous have a greater risk of academic failure and dropping out of school, nee to learn about their customs and the available government funding provisions EMPLOYMENT * Employment means money, but cultural groups that come from overseas with overseas qualification or no qualification can find it hard to secure employment if they don’t speak the sa me language as their work/clients FINANCIAL SUPPORT * Might need help to finish Centrelink paperwork * Abstudy: for Indigenous people at school 14+, makes them stay in school so they can get a job * Indigenous people need support to get affordable housing, basic needs; government assistance provided HEALTH Different groups have different health issues; Indigenous have diabetes, Jews have hereditary condition Tay Sachs disease * Indigenous have lower life expectancy because of their poor health care and nutrition; need to improve health and education, government aims at this HOUSING * Cultural groups usually live closer together, so the similar culture gives sense of belonging and support. Language barriers with rest of community. * Aged usually live with family and don’t want to move with nursing home because of cultural/language barrier * Indigenous = need support services to get affordable and safe living standards SECURITY AND SAFETY * Needed in community; some groups are scared and scarred from history and experience of violence. Some might experience racism for their differences, which is protected by the Anti-Discrimination Act * Risky behaviour and preventative measures = more and longer survival, better wellbeing SELF-ESTEEM * Pride in their culture, culture adds diversity to food, dance, music, costumes; gives them self-esteem to belong in that group * More academic achievement, employment, increase in health and nutrition, helps with emotional and social wellbeing SENSE OF IDENTITY * Sense of identity in their heritage and traditions; pride in culture brings sense of idenitity * Eg greek men brough up to be providers of families, New Zealanders have sporting pride, Fijians are devout Christians; ig part of the identity * Indigenous = learning programs teach about their traditional customs FACOTS AFFECTING ACCESS TO RESOURCES FOR CULTURAL GROUPS AGE * Certain groups traditionally give more respect to the aged; eg Indigenous, Japanese * Some nee d nursing homes that cater for their background, others forget English and only speak their original language so limits communication and understanding with family, friends * Indigenous = Abstudy is aged based DISABILITY * Some cultures get it more; eg Sudanese get physical disabilities from their home country atrocities. Handital; formal support for disabled Italians and their carers. Organisations for specific cultures in their community EDUCATION * For employment and income * Programs for education: Multicultural community centres with employment and training programs * Saturday School of Community Languages for young people to learn and speak native language * Tutor at school and uni for Indigenous students ETHNICITY/CULTURE * Formal resources for groups to meet needs, eg schools, nursing homes, community centres, hospitals * Centrelink has multilingual publications in different languages, and call centres. Makes them understand and use services GENDER * Impacts roles and respon sibilities, eg men are providers LOCATION * Cultural group lives close together and closer to community support. * Rural cultural people get socially isolated, especially with language barriers SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS * Varies with individuals; Indigenous have lower due to low education and employment

Cause, symptoms and treatments of Ashtma Essays

Cause, symptoms and treatments of Ashtma Essays Cause, symptoms and treatments of Ashtma Essay Cause, symptoms and treatments of Ashtma Essay Asthma is a disease that has an estimated three hundred million people worldwide of all sexes and ages suffer from. It frequently begins in childhood goon, but it is possible that aged people in their 1970ss or 1880ss may develop it. Asthma chiefly affects the air passages ; these become inflamed doing it harder to breath. More mucous secretion is produced than normal in people that have asthma ; this contributes to the air passages going blocked which besides makes it harder to breath. Air that is being taken in stops the air being breathed out from get awaying and the air being breathed out stops the air being breathed in going down to the lungs, this makes the individual holding the onslaught attempt to breath harder and faster to seek and acquire air into the lungs and for O to defuse into the blood watercourse. ( Figure 1 ) Figure Diagnosing asthma is really hard, as many of the symptoms relate to other respiratory diseases. The chief symptoms are coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and thorax stringency, and in kids another normally recognised symptom is the anterior nariss flame uping when take a breathing. These are all caused by the narrowing of the air passages as they become inflamed and mucous secretion is produced. Trials are frequently performed to guarantee the diagnosing of asthma is right, spirometry and extremum flow trials are the most common and in the aged ECG s are used in patients that are kicking of thorax strivings. Spirometry trials calculates the sum of air and how quickly the air is being blown out and a Peak Flow trial measures how narrow the air passages are by bring forthing a maximal and minimal rate at which the air is breathed out. Another trial that can besides be conducted is a reversibility trial, during this trial a bronchodilator drug is consumed by being breathed in, this drug opens the air passages and if the reading has an addition of 15 per centum or more the narrowing of the air passages is said to hold been reversed, which hence confirms asthma. There are many triggers that can make an asthma onslaught, some of these are ; a‚?allergies, cold air, coffin nail fume, exercising, respiratory infections, nutrient, acetylsalicylic acid based drugs and dust. When the trigger and airways come into contact with each other the musculuss inside contract to halt the atoms go oning down to the lungs which so restricts regular external respiration. There is no remedy for asthma, but it can be controlled by medicine. The medicine most normally used by asthmatics is B-2 ( Beta 2 ) stand-ins, which are by and large taken through inhalators, and are available in both short and long term signifiers. Asthma can besides be controlled by environmental alterations and being closely monitored. As two of the chief causes of asthma are dust and allergic reactions altering the sheets and eiderdown screens, and cleaning the house weekly will cut down the sum of dust in the air. Refrain from holding pets that have plumes or pelt, replacement rug floors with wooden 1s, and upholstered furniture with leather. Closely supervising asthma utilizing the extremum flow metre, the lung map will get down to worsen two or three yearss before an asthma onslaught occurs so if the reading on the extremum flow metre is 20 per centum less than the usual reading an asthma onslaught is non far off. Asthma is a really common disease of the air passages, which become enflamed doing it difficult for air to acquire into the lungs and for O to spread into the blood stream. This is caused by many different triggers such as dust, nutrient, allergic reactions and acetylsalicylic acids based drugs. The disease is difficult to name as many of the symptoms are related to other respiratory jobs, the chief symptoms are wheezing, coughing, chest stringency and shortness of breath. Although asthma is difficult to name there are a series of trials that can be conducted to guarantee that is it asthma. There are many different interventions for asthma but there is no specific remedy. The interventions are medicine, usually inhaled through and respirator, alteration of environment and supervising the asthma by taking regular reading utilizing a extremum flow metre. Varicose Veins What are varicose venas? What are the causes and symptoms, and how is it diagnosed and treated? Varicose venas are superficial venas which are swollen and chunky which look bluish or violet through the tegument, which is the effect of blood aggregation in that country. They are more common in adult females than in work forces. These venas are attached to deeper venas inside the leg by perforator venas through which blood from the outer beds of the legs flows through. Blood from the bosom circulates round the organic structure through the arterias and one time the foods and O has reached the legs the musculuss assist the blood flow as it has to travel upwards against gravitation back to the bosom through the venas. In the venas are valves which prevent the blood fluxing back down the venas, these valves open and near each clip the musculuss in the thigh and calf which compress the venas which are deep inside the leg. ( Figure 2 ) Figure 2 Symptoms of varicose venas are non ever the same for every person, but the most common marks of varicose venas are ; balls and blue or purple coloring material under the tegument, antsy legs, hurting and uncomfortableness in the legs, and swelling of the mortise joints. The size of the varicose venas does non impact which symptoms an single gets and how much uncomfortableness they cause. Although these symptoms are common for varicose venas they can besides be caused by another job. To name varicose venas a visit to the GP is advised, an scrutiny will be performed and they will inquire what symptoms the person has. In terrible instances patients will be referred to a vascular sawbones, these are physicians who specialise in blood vass. Varicose venas can easy been seen on the leg, but working out where they are positioned and how much harm there is to the valves in the venas the physicians may carry on a series of trials which are ; a Doppler trial, this is an extremist sound that uses sound moving ridges to acquire an image if the interior of the leg, which show the physician if the valves inside the venas are working decently and in which way the blood is fluxing ; a Colour Duplex ultrasound which searches for an abnormalcies within the construction of the vena ; and the Trendelenburg trial which involves the patient lying down, raising one leg, where the physician will compress the blood flow into the leg utilizing his or her custodies, or a compression banda ge ( an instrument that compresses the leg ) , so the patient will stand back up the physician will detect the venas replenishing will blood which gives an indicant of where the faulty valves lie within the vena. There are two chief causes of varicose venas, one is that there are non adequate valves in the vena and the other is that the walls are weak. There are other causes but these are frequently paired with one of the above ; gestation can do varicose venas as the fetal blood circulation can do the corruptible force per unit area in the female parent to lift, as can hormonal alterations. As person gets older the valves in the venas weaken doing back flow inside the venas which may take to coagulating and varicose venas. Fleshiness causes more force per unit area on the legs as they have to back up and transport more weight which increases the hazard of varicose venas ; standing for excessively long, this is found in people who have occupations such as traffic constabulary work forces, instructors and mill workers and other diseases, any hurt to the venas, blood curdling and tumors can do varicose venas. Some varicose venas will non do uncomfortableness hence intervention is non necessary, but if an person does make up ones mind to hold interventions there are many options. A non surgical intervention is compression stockings, these will alleviate the puffiness of the venas but will non forestall more from happening. They do this by assisting the blood to flux up towards the bosom. Surgery is another option. There are many types of surgery that will take the venas but while many people will non necessitate any more intervention afterwards varicose venas will reoccur in three in 10 people. The chief surgery is called ligation and denudation, this performed is finished within a twenty-four hours, which is done under general anesthesia. The superficial venas which have become varicose venas are merely removed from the legs but there are different surgeries depending on which venas are affected. Varicose venas are swollen chunky venas which have a aggregation of blood interior due to the valves non working decently which causes a back flow of blood. Symptoms are frequently antsy legs, swelling of the mortise joints and hurting legs. The two chief causes are failing of the venas walls and non adequate valves, partnered with these, gestation, fleshiness, standing for excessively long and age can besides do varicose venas. These can be treated with surgery, which removes the venas from the legs but does non bring around them wholly, in some instances varicose venas will return. There besides none surgical interventions such as compaction stockings which help coerce the blood flow back towards the bosom.